Cheng and Han

It represented two states, the Cheng state (成 Chéng) and the Han state (汉 Hàn). Cheng was proclaimed in 304 by Li Xiong, while Han was proclaimed in 338 by Li Shou. Since they were both ruled by the Li family of the Ba ethnicity, scholars with Chinese backgrounds often combined them into a single Cheng Han state. The Li family has also been described as being of Ba-Di ethnicity, they were originally Ba from modern Sichuan who had settled among the Di in modern Gansu. Western texts frequently referred to the two states separately. Whether the treatment is correct is debatable.

When Li Shou claimed the throne in 338, he did not acknowledge his throne as having been inherited from Li Xiong's line. While he continued to worship Li Xiong, it was done in a separate temple. However, Li Shou's son Li Shi, acknowledged the prior emperors including Li Xiong as his predecessors. Cheng Han's was the earliest establishment of the Sixteen Kingdoms.

All rulers of the Cheng Han declared themselves "emperors".

The commonly accepted founding year of Cheng has been 304. Nevertheless, Li Te declared a new era name in 303. Some scholars consider this self-declaration of era name to be a symbol of a new government. However, at that time, Li Te claimed no imperial or other special titles for himself.

The Li family Cheng Han was eventually conquered by the Jin when Huan Wen attacked Chengdu.

Rulers of Cheng Han

Family tree

建國歷史

在成漢建國之前，李雄之父李特就在益州發展勢力。297年，李特率領關中流民團南下漢中。302年，李特招集流民團起兵，自稱為使持節、大都督、鎮北大將軍，第二年定年號建初元年（因此有人認為303年也可作為建國年）。率軍攻打成都，益州刺史羅尚拒守，李特敗亡，其弟李流繼續統領流民作戰，然不久後病死。李特之子李雄繼位，並於304年攻下成都，開始稱王，國號「大成」，年號建興。

334年，李雄病死，其兄之子李班繼位，不久之後李雄之子李期即殺李班自立。338年，李驤之子李壽又殺了李期自立為帝，將國號改為「漢」。大修宮殿，生活奢侈荒淫，人民受到嚴酷的徭役壓迫。李壽死後，其子李勢繼位，大肆殺伐，國勢更加衰弱。347年，東晉桓溫率兵入蜀，李勢投降，成漢滅亡，立國共44年，兩年後殘餘力量也被東晉消滅。

國號

其國號先為「成」，史書也有稱「大成」，或以為「大」是尊稱。國號「成」來自于成都這個地名，也有說是襲用公孫述的舊稱（成家）。後李特弟李驤之子漢王李壽發動兵變奪取政權，改國號為「漢」，史書上又合稱為「成漢」，以區別于其他稱為「漢」的政權。又其統治地區主要為益州的蜀地，故又被一些史書稱為「蜀」（例如《十六國春秋·蜀錄》）。《晉書》又稱之為「後蜀」，以別于三國時期劉備的前蜀，唐代以後，已基本不使用「後蜀」來指稱，而專用作五代十國時期後蜀政權的專稱。

成漢君主列表

世系圖