Background

In 1120, under the Alliance Conducted at Sea, the Jin and Song dynasties agreed to form a military alliance against the Liao dynasty and, if victorious, divide up the Liao territories. The Jin would get a large portion of the northern land and the Song would get a smaller portion in the southern region called the Sixteen Prefectures.

The Jin army sacked the Liao capital of Shangjing and ended the Liao dynasty. The Song army in the south, however, could not even penetrate the Liao's defensive positions and the army was defeated by the remaining Liao troops afterwards. This exposed the limitations of the Song army as well as the corruption and inefficiency in the Song imperial court. In the end, the Jin took control of all former Liao territories.

After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Song dynasty wanted the Sixteen Prefectures as promised. The Jin dynasty sold the land at a price of 300,000 bolts of silk and 200,000 ounces of silver. This price was considered to be extremely generous because it was the tribute that the Song had been paying to the Liao annually since the Chanyuan Treaty of 1005.

Prelude to the war

According to the Twenty-Four Histories, in 1123, three years after the fall of Liao, a Jin general Zhang Jue, defected to the Song dynasty. Since he was governor of the Jin-controlled Pingzhou Prefecture, an area just north of the Sixteen Prefectures on the other side of the Great Wall, Pingzhou Prefecture was also merged into Song territory. The Song imperial court initially welcomed the defection and awarded Zhang Jue an honorific title and land. The Jin dynasty, on the other hand, sent a small army aimed to overturn the defection but was defeated by Zhang Jue's troops.

Shortly thereafter, the Song imperial court realized that Zhang Jue's defection would only result in hostility from the north. Zhang Jue was executed in the winter of 1123. This came too late: in the fall of 1125, Emperor Taizong of the Jin dynasty issued an order to launch a full-scale attack on Song territories.

First Siege of Bianjing

The Jin armies invaded Song territory from the west and from the north. The Jin northern army advanced quickly, sacking Qinhuangdao in October 1125, followed Baoding, Dingzhou, Zhengding and Xingtai in January 1126. This army, commanded by Wolibu (Wanyan Zongwang), did not meet much resistance as most of the Song generals surrendered themselves and their cities as soon as the Jin army arrived. On the other hand, the Jin western army, commanded by Nianhan (Wanyan Zonghan), was held up near the cities of Datong and Taiyuan from the very beginning and did not make much progress for the rest of the war. In February 1126, the Jin northern army crossed the Yellow River and began the siege of Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), the Song capital. Before the invaders surrounded the city, Emperor Huizong had abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Emperor Qinzong, and fled to the countryside with his entourage. The Jin northern army faced difficult siege fighting that was not well-suited for cavalry. At the same time, the Jin western army was still held up in the Datong area and could not come to the aid of the northern army. In an effort to end the battle sooner, Emperor Qinzong sent his ninth brother, Zhao Gou to the enemy camp for peace talks. The Jin emperor, Emperor Taizong, ordered Zhao Gou taken hostage until the Song imperial court came up with a ransom. Eventually, the Song imperial court came forth with the ransom and the city of Taiyuan was also given to Jin as a gift in good faith. Zhao Gou was released and the Jin northern army started to withdraw.

Second Siege of Bianjing

Everything went back to normal as soon as the Jin forces retreated. Lavish parties continued to be held daily at the imperial palace. Emperor Huizong returned to Bianjing from the countryside. Song generals suggested that large numbers of troops ought to be garrisoned along the border of the Yellow River. Emperor Qinzong rejected the proposal by citing that the Jin forces might never come back. Many experienced generals who defended the city in the first siege of Bianjing were removed from the capital and posted elsewhere in the country. Many army groups were decommissioned or sent back to their prefectures of origin.

Three months after the first siege of the city, the Jin imperial court sent two ambassadors to Song. The two ambassadors were nobles from the former Liao dynasty. Emperor Qinzong misjudged the situation and believed that they could be turned against the Jin ruler, Emperor Taizong. Emperor Qinzong sent a coded letter which was sealed in candle wax, inviting them to join Song to form an anti–Jin alliance. The two handed the letter to Emperor Taizong right away. Furious, Emperor Taizong ordered an even bigger army to attack Song. This second campaign would eventually topple the Northern Song dynasty.

Since most of the Jin troops had just returned from their first expedition and had not even demobilized, the army was quickly remobilized. Following precedents set in the previous campaign, the Jin army divided into two groups, Wolibu's northern army and Nianhan's western army, even daring to take the same routes again.

In September 1126, the two Jin army groups set foot in Song territory. Unlike the previous battle, however, the western army was able to sack Datong within only one month. Cities like Luoyang and Zhengzhou surrendered themselves, clearing the way to Bianjing. The northern army, having sacked Baoding, Dingzhou and Zhengding in September, regrouped and crossed the Yellow River in November. It then went on a rampage and sacked Qingfeng, Puyang and other satellite cities around Bianjing in December. By the middle of December, the two forces regrouped at Bianjing and the capital was finally besieged.

Unlike the first siege, Bianjing's defenses in the second siege had some fatal flaws:

• Due to the lack of experienced generals and personnel, the whole defense process was unorganized.

• The Jin army was much bigger than the last time. Emperor Taizong sent a 150,000 strong force, having learnt from the first siege, when the western army was held up in Datong and could not advance on Bianjing. This time, however, Datong was sacked within a month, and the full strength of the western army was under the city walls.

• Although Emperor Qinzong called for help and many responded, the rapid deployment of Jin troops made it impossible to aid the city. Song troops from all over the country, including Zhao Gou's troops came to Bianjing but were not able to get into the city.

• Emperor Qinzong's trust in a minister who claimed he could summon "divine soldiers" from Heaven to the battleground was misplaced, causing much wasted time and human lives.

On 9 January 1127, Bianjing fell to Jin forces. Emperor Qinzong and his father, Emperor Huizong, were captured by the Jin army. Thus, the Northern Song dynasty came to an end.

In exchange for the Jin soldiers sparing Kaifeng's ordinary civilian population, the people of Kaifeng gave them wine, meat, silk and gold. Song officials turned over wine, wine makers, painters, weapons, horses, gold, silver and plain silk bolts after the Jin demanded them. Gold and silver were given to the Jin in exchange for Jin soldiers sparing the Kaifeng's people from looting, as well as Buddhist and Daoist books, printing blocks, silk bolts, silk thread pharmacy pills, parasols, ox carts, old bronze vessels, Buddhist monks, professors, storytellers, painters, clerks, jade carvers,

gardeners, masons, weapons makers, astronomers, musicians, physicians diagrams, maps, headgear worn by consorts, musical instruments, bells and shop, temple and palace lanterns.

Abduction

On 20 March 1127, Jin troops summoned the two captured emperors to their camps. Awaiting them was a directive from Emperor Taizong that they were to be demoted to commoners, stripped of their ceremonial trappings and Jin troops would compound the imperial palace.

According to The Accounts of Jingkang, Jin troops looted the entire imperial library and the decorations in the palace. Jin troops also abducted all the female servants and imperial musicians. The imperial family was abducted and their residences were looted. All the female prisoners were ordered, on pain of death, to serve the Jin aristocrats no matter what rank in society they had previously held. A Jin prince wanted to marry Emperor Huizong's daughter, Zhao Fujin, who had been another man's wife. Later on, the emperor's concubines were also given to the prince by Emperor Taizong. To avoid captivity and slavery under the Jurchens, many palace women committed suicide.

Emperor Taizong feared that the remaining Song troops would launch a counter-offensive to reclaim the capital. Therefore, he set up in Bianjing a puppet government for the lands south of the Yellow River, called Chu (楚), and ordered all the assets and prisoners to be taken back to the Jin capital – Shangjing (in present-day Harbin). The captives marched to the Jin capital along with the assets. Over 14,000 people, including the Song imperial family, went on this journey. Their entourage – almost all the ministers and generals of the Northern Song dynasty – suffered from illness, dehydration and exhaustion, and many never made it. Upon arrival, each person had to go through a ritual where the person has to be naked and wearing only sheep skins. Contrary to what was previously thought, the ceremony was drawn from ancient Han Chinese customs, drawn together by Jin experts on China rather than a Jurchen ritual. Empress Zhu committed suicide because she could not bear the humiliation. Men were sold into slavery in exchange for horses with a ratio of ten men for one horse. Women, especially former Song princesses, became palace slaves in a part of the Jin palace called the laundry hall (浣衣院) and others were taken as slaves by Jin princes and others. Some Song princesses became Jin princes' concubines. Someone bought an "ex–royal" for less than ten ounces of gold.

The Song male Chinese princes who were captured were given Khitan women to marry from the Liao dynasty palace by the Jin Jurchens, who had also defeated and conquered the Khitan. The original Chinese wives of the Song princes were confiscated and replaced with Khitan ones. One of the Song Emperor Huizong's sons was given a Khitan consort from the Liao palace and another one of his sons was given a Khitan princess by the Jin at the Jin Supreme capital. The Jin Jurchens continued to give new wives to the captured Song royals, the grandsons and sons of Song Emperor Huizong after they took away their original Chinese wives. The Jin Jurchens told the Chinese Song royals that they were fortunate because the Liao Khitan royals were being treated much worse by the Jurchen than the Song Chinese royals, Jurchen soldiers were given the children of the Liao Khitan Tianzuo Emperor as gifts while the Song Emperor was allowed to keep his children while he was in captivity. The Jurchens had sacked and destroyed the Khitan Liao supreme capital and burned the ancestral tombs of the Liao Emperors. Emperor Qinzong of Song would spend the rest of his life in Liao captivity, although his status was eventually raised to nobility and he began to receive a stipend. In 1156, as a humiliation for both men, the former Emperor Qinzong of Song and the former Emperor Tianzuo of Liao were forced by the Jin Emperor to play a match of polo against each other. Quizong was weak and frail, and so fell off his horse, while Tianzuo, even though he was quite old himself, was more familiar with horse-riding and tried to escape on his horse, but was shot and killed by Jurchen archers. Khitan Liao royal princesses from the Yelü family and Xiao family were also distributed to Jurchen Jin princes as concubine. Jurchen Prince Wanyan Liang married the Khitan women Lady Xiao (萧氏), Consort Chen (宸妃)Lady Yelü (耶律氏), Consort Li (丽妃) Lady Yelü (耶律氏), Consort Rou (柔妃) and Lady Yelü (耶律氏), Zhaoyuan (昭媛). Before the Jurchens overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment by the Jurchens against the Khitan. Liao Khitan envoys among the Jurchens were treated to guest prostitutes by their Jurchen hosts. Unmarried Jurchen girls and their families hosted the Liao envoys who had sex with the girls. Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan. Although the Liao Khitan had superior power over the Jurchens when ruling them were is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was hated or resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Liao Khitan forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their beautiful wives as guest prostitutes to Liao Khitan messengers that this stirred resentment and anger by the Jurchens. A historian has speculated that this could mean that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, unmarried girls virginity and sleeping with Liao Khitan men did not matter and did not impede their ability to marry later. The Jurchens sexual habits and mores seemed lax to Han Chinese, such as marrying with an in law which was one of China's "Ten Heinous Crimes". Jurchens very commonly practiced guest prostitution giving female companions, food and shelter to guests. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in native Jurchen villages were provided to Liao Kitan messengers for sexual intercourse and amusement as recorded by Hong Hao (Hung Hao). Marco Polo also reported that in Hami (Camul) guest prostitution was practiced with hosts giving their female relatives, sisters, daughters and wives to guests in their house. Tanguts practiced this guest prostitution. Song princesses committed suicide to avoid rape or were killed for resisting rape by the Jin.

Aftermath and appraisal

• The scale of destruction and devastation was unprecedented: treasures, art collections, scrolls from the imperial library and human lives were lost on a scale that the Chinese had never seen before. Due to the heavy damage to the country's economy and military, and the loss of talented manpower, the Southern Song dynasty did not recover the lost territories, despite constant fighting between the Song and Jin, the territory was ruled by non-Han Chinese emperors. It would take another 200 years, until the Ming dynasty, to claim back all the territories that the Song dynasty lost.

• Many foreign-sounding, non-traditional Chinese family names existing in China today can date back to this incident, as the Han Chinese captives were forced to adapt Jurchen family names. In fact, many members of the imperial family of the Qing dynasty had the surname "Gioro" (e.g. Aisin Gioro, Irgen Gioro); it is believed that they were the descendants of Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong.

• This invasion, combined with the later Mongol rule, were speculated to have caused China's advance into capitalism to fall behind by several centuries; although the Ming dynasty later restored the old order, the results of their own fall to the Manchus was to stagnate China once more. This view is supported by the fact that the Song economy had been advanced, and exhibited many features of capitalism. According to this view, the Jingkang Incident holds historic significance in regard to late imperial China's decline.

• Researchers in China who published their findings in the People's Political Consultative Daily in 2001, pointed out that this incident led to the transformation of women's rights after the Song dynasty. Since the members of the imperial family who were captured were sold as slaves or concubines, Chinese rulers after the Song dynasty greatly emphasized the importance of sexual norms, especially a woman's chastity and loyalty towards her husband. Chinese rulers of later dynasties instructed that when a woman is confronted between the choice of survival or the honor of chastity, survival is not an option.

In popular culture

• This incident was referred to as the "Lingering Humiliation of Jingkang" in Man Jiang Hong, a lyrical poem commonly attributed to the Song dynasty general Yue Fei, but was actually written by an anonymous poet in the Ming dynasty.

• In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, a wuxia novel by Louis Cha, this national humiliation inspired the Quanzhen Taoist Qiu Chuji to name the two main characters, Guo Jing and Yang Kang, who were born soon afterwards in the storyline.

• In Bandit Kings of Ancient China, a video game by Koei, failure to win the game before 1127 results in the Jurchens occupying the entire China in January 1127, ending the game.

• Guy Gavriel Kay liberally fictionalized the incident in River of Stars, an alternate historical fiction novel for adults. Kay uses alternate names for historic places and fictional characters.

背景

北宋历代皇帝一直希望收复燕云十六州，同样希望收复且好大喜功的宋徽宗许与金人结盟。

为收复燕云十六州，宣和二年（1120年），宋金两国结成海上之盟，协议金攻辽国中京，而宋攻辽燕京，事成之后，燕云十六州归宋，宋需将本来送给辽的岁币转送给金，而辽的其馀国土亦归金。后来金兵攻破辽中京，而宋朝二十万大军大败。辽南京（燕京）由金人所攻占，天祚帝被俘，辽国灭亡。金灭辽之役严重暴露宋军的战斗力虚弱，国库空虚。宋朝要求金人履行盟约，交回燕云十六州，但金人指出宋人没有执行攻打燕京的条件，结果宋则用更多的钱物赎回七州空城。

此后宋朝内部权斗激烈：王黼以赎回燕京有功而权势日盛，与太子赵桓不和，阴谋策划立郓王赵楷作太子。右相少宰李邦彦和蔡攸结党排斥王黼，御史中丞何也弹劾王黼「奸邪专横」，王黼于是罢相。这时朱勔力劝徽宗再用年已八十、目盲不能写字的老臣蔡京，蔡京成为太师总领政事，具体事务由其子蔡绦把持。白时中为左相太宰、李邦彦为右相少宰，一切奉蔡京父子的意志。

1123年五月，宋徽宗策反已降金的原辽将金南京平州（今河北卢龙县，不在十六州之内）留守张觉率平州路三州平州、营州、滦州及榆关（山海关）叛投宋；并趁金太祖去世，派宦官谭稹为两河燕云府宣抚使要求金归还燕云其馀九州，于是朔、应、蔚三州都降宋；十一月，金将朔州（已被宋接管）和武州割给宋朝。但当月金太宗就派完颜宗望袭击平州，张觉败逃投奔辽降将燕京留守郭药师，宋军没有救援，半年后平州、营州都失陷，张觉母妻被俘，弟弟降金并交出了宋徽宗策反张觉的书信，金以此为由迫使宋朝杀张觉，郭药师及燕云十六州的汉人也因此寒心。

1125年四月，童贯、蔡攸又与白时中、李邦彦等排斥蔡绦。蔡京再度免官，童贯封广阳郡王，蔡攸加太保。金指使西夏攻打朔、武，但被谭稹击退。金对宋徽宗称谭稹曾答应给其钱粮却没有兑现，谭稹被罢官，代以童贯。童贯派使者向完颜宗翰索要九州，但同时金国即以张觉事变为由攻宋。

金第一次攻宋

宋徽宗宣和七年、金太宗天会三年（1125年）八月，完颜宗望、完颜宗翰以张觉事变为由奏请攻宋。十月，东路完颜宗望率军自平州（今河北秦皇岛市卢龙县）攻燕山府（今北京西南）。宋易州（今河北保定市易县）戍将韩民毅投降。十二月甲辰（西历1126年1月2日），于白河（今北京密云县白河峡谷）和古北口（今北京密云县古北口镇）大败宋军；两日后，宋将郭药师降，宋燕山府防卫崩溃；不久破宋中山（今河北定州）派来之三万援军，1月14日又破宋兵五千于真定府（今河北正定），1月22日克信德府（今河北邢台）。

西路左副元帅完颜宗翰则率军自大同攻太原（今均在山西），但战事没有完颜宗望顺利。原辽籍汉人民兵组成的十数万义胜军降金，天会三年十二月庚子日（西历1125年12月29日），金宋交战之际，义胜军开朔州（今山西朔州）城门，并于戊申日（西历1126年1月6日）擒送代州（今山西代县）守将，致使二州皆为金所得；1月13日中山投降，1月15日包围太原，虽然童贯逃跑，但「悉为王禀随机应变，终不能攻」。以至西路军受阻贻误军机，直到得知完颜宗望已经和宋讲和以后才罢兵。

徽宗南逃

完颜宗望军南下，宋徽宗忙罢除花石纲和内外制造局。宋军参议官宇文虚中曾上书指朝廷失策，用童贯、王黼为主帅是用错了人，预言「将有纳侮自焚之祸」，多次建策防边，王黼却不理。这时，宋徽宗问计于宇文虚中。宇文虚中认为只有先下诏罪己，改革弊政，来挽回人心。徽宗要宇文虚中和吴敏起草诏书悔过，号召各地驻军勤王入援京师，其中主要是召西军（宋朝征防西夏的边防军，是宋当时最精锐部队）熙河经略使姚古、秦凤经略使种师中领兵入援。完颜宗望军侵入中山府时，徽宗又想弃开封南逃。给事中吴敏当时是主战派（后变为投降派），竭力反对逃跑，推荐太常少卿李纲守城。李纲奏上「御戎」五策，又劝徽宗：「非传位太子，不足以招徕天下豪杰」，建议徽宗退位，「收将士心」。徽宗任命吴敏为门下侍郎辅佐太子。十二月，太子赵桓在哭哭啼啼中即皇位，是为宋钦宗，改明年年号为「靖康」。徽宗退位，号教主道君皇帝，称「太上皇」。

靖康元年（天会四年，1126年）正月丁卯（初一日，1月25日），金军攻浚州，内侍梁方平领兵在黄河北岸，金军奄至，宋军奔溃。南岸守桥者望见敌军旗帜，慌忙烧断桥缆，金军被隔断在北岸。正月初三己巳日（1月27日），完颜宗望军渡过黄河，第二日攻下滑州（今河南滑县）。

正月初三日，太上皇徽宗、蔡京、童贯等人听说金军已经渡过黄河，当晚就连夜南逃。徽宗仅带蔡攸及内侍数人，以「烧香」为名，匆匆逃到亳州，又从亳州逃到镇江；童贯和殿前都指挥使高俅率领胜捷军和禁卫，在泗州境追上太上皇徽宗；蔡京也以「扈从」为名带领家人逃到拱州。消息传出，舆论大哗，太学生陈东等上书，指蔡京、王黼、童贯、梁师成、李彦、朱勔为「六贼」，说「六贼异名同罪」应该处死，「传首四方，以谢天下」。宋钦宗于是罢免王黼。吴敏、李纲请斩王黼，开封府尹聂山派武士至雍丘县南固村斩王黼首。李彦、梁师成赐死。蔡京、童贯在亳州被贬官流放。

三月，钦宗派使者迎接宋徽宗一行回宫，四月，太上皇徽宗回到龙德宫，实际上被钦宗软禁。钦宗也得以处分蔡京、童贯等人，蔡京在流放途中死于潭州，钦宗派监察御史斩童贯。九月，朱勔和蔡攸、蔡翛三人被流放，都在流放地处斩。蔡绦也被流放，病死。

金人得知宋朝新君登基、杀奸臣，一度生出北返之意。

第一次开封围城战

宋钦宗在正月初三日徽宗南逃后立即下诏亲征，命门下侍郎吴敏为亲征行营副使，显谟阁直学士、开封府尹聂昌（即聂山）、兵部侍郎李纲为行营使司参谋官。第二日，宰相白时中、李邦彦等投降派即建议钦宗弃城逃跑，出奔襄阳府、邓州。李纲得知马上上殿面议反对：「今日之计，莫如整厉士马，声言出战，固结民心，相与坚守，以待勤王之师。」钦宗问：「谁能将兵？」李纲说这应该是宰相白时中、李邦彦的职责。白时中厉声反诘问李纲莫非能领兵出战，李纲回答：「倘使治军，愿以死报。」宋钦宗于是任命李纲为尚书右丞、东京留守，以同知枢密院李棁为副，聂昌为随军转运使，领兵守城。可是第三日早晨入朝，宋钦宗又被投降派说动，准备出发南逃，李纲又说服钦宗留下，并传旨说：「上意已定，敢复有言去者斩！」钦宗登上宣德门，由吴敏、李纲向门楼前的百官将士们宣布，决心固守保卫东京开封。白时中被罢免，公议称快，李邦彦、张邦昌递进为相，同知枢密院事蔡懋为尚书左丞。

李纲用百步法分兵备御，四壁城墙每一壁用正规军一万二千人；又编马步军前后左右中四万人，每军八千人，分置将官统领，派前军守护东水门外的粮仓，后军守护东门外樊家冈。又装备各种防守的武器、工具。四日之内，战守设施大致准备妥当。

正月初七（1126年1月31日），完颜宗望的金国东路军至京城西北，由郭药师引导，驻屯在牟驼冈天驷监，当夜，金军立刻攻打宣泽门。李纲派出敢死士，斩获百馀人。金军一直攻打到天明方止，金使吴孝民入城要求宋朝交出亲王、宰相到金军为质，李纲请行，钦宗以他有统兵之职，让他的副手李梲为主使，前往金营议和。初九，金军猛攻通天、景阳门一带，又攻陈桥、封丘、卫州等门，都被李纲击退。金军游骑四出抄掠，仅东明、太康、雍正、扶沟、鄢陵五县保存。由于恼怒东明小城久攻不下，再次增兵三千猛攻，京东将董有邻率众抵抗，斩首十馀级，杀死金环三太子。

宣和和议

完颜宗望对宋议和使团提出金五百万两、银五千万两、牛马万匹、衣缎百万疋；割大原、中山、河间三路地，并以宰相、亲王为质的条件。正月初十，宋朝全力收刮京城军民官吏金银财物，在期限内得金二十馀万、银四百馀万两，民间财力为之一空。十四日，康王赵构、张邦昌、高世则带领金银财物前往金军大营。此时只有完颜宗望的金国东路军参与围攻开封。完颜宗翰的金国西路军不但在太原被绊住，而且又拒绝完颜宗望提出的隔断西军的部署，以至京西马忠、京东范琼、种师道的十万西军顺利赶到开封，完颜宗望被动后撤到开封西北远郊孟阳扎营寨。都统制姚平仲领步骑万人劫完颜宗望营寨被全歼一事，有人指是投降派李邦彦、李棁为逼主战派李纲、种师道议和而有意无意透露给奸细邓圭所致。劫寨失败以后，李纲、种师道被撤销军权。金兵复至开封城下，宋钦宗大恐，遣使说：「初不知其事，且将加罪其人。」李邦彦又使宋钦宗下令不得得罪金兵，一霹雳炮手发炮后被枭首处死。完颜宗望再攻城时被西军击退，于是停止进攻，改肃王赵枢为人质，康王赵构得以回归。二月初十，金军撤退。东京城被围凡三十三日。

金第一次撤军

完颜宗望的金国东路军第一次围攻开封不果，临走前派人入城辞行，并送来一封拜辞信，说是「非不欲诣阙廷展辞，少叙悃愊，以在军中，不克如愿，谨遣某某等充代辞使副，有些少礼物，具于别幅，谨奉书奏辞。」完颜宗望退军之时，种师道之弟种师中率领的西军精锐秦凤军三万人开到东京开封，种师道即命他率部尾随金军之后，俟其半渡而击之，完全消灭其尚在南岸的一半，将金国最精锐的东路军打残以消后患。李纲也建议用澶渊故事「护送」金军出境，密告诸将有机会就纵兵追击。宋钦宗也同意李纲表面上的建议，派军十万，紧紧「护送」。但吴敏（此时已转为讨好金军的主和派）、唐恪（què）、耿南仲等投降派又最终压倒了主战派，派人在黄河边上树立大旗，严令军队不得绕过大旗赶金军，否则一概处死。

以后种师道又提出亡羊补牢之办法，建议集合大军驻屯黄河两岸，防止金军再次渡河，预为下次「防秋」之计。宋钦宗准奏施行，不久又被吴敏、唐恪、耿南仲等投降派大臣压倒，认为万一金军不来这笔巨大的军事费用会被浪费，拒绝采用种师道之言，连主战派徐处仁也持此意见。以后种师道气愤致疾，以至病死。李纲则被外调河北河东宣抚使，无所作为，最后被逐到江西。

金第二次攻宋

不久，金国以萧仲恭使宋，耶律馀睹监军。宋钦宗认为此二人都是原辽国贵族，可诱而用之，以蜡丸封了一封书信让萧仲恭送耶律馀睹，使为内应。萧仲恭忙跑回金国见完颜宗望，以蜡丸书信献之。八月，宗望以此为由集合军队重新伐宋。第二次攻至汴京仍然是完颜宗翰和完颜宗望两人的比赛。

第一阶段，西路完颜宗翰八月庚戌（1126年9月5日）和第一次攻宋一样从大同出发，第二日破宋张灏军于文水（今在山西），又全歼种师中、姚古的援军，9月21日克太原。东路完颜宗望9月8日从保州出发，当日破宋兵于雄州（今河北保定市雄县）、中山（今河北定州）。9月15日，攻下新乐（今在河北）。9月26日，破宋大将种师闵于井陉，取天威军（今河北井陉县），克真定（今河北正定），真定知府李邈被俘，不屈而死。

第二阶段，经过休整，西路完颜宗翰11月18日自太原向汴京进攻，22日攻下威胜军（今山西沁县）。11月29日宗翰克隆德府（今山西长治）。12月4日，完颜宗翰克泽州（今山西晋城市）。12月10日（十一月二十五丙戌日）宗翰克怀州（今河南沁阳），守将霍安国等坚决抵抗，完颜宗翰遂灭霍安国满门。

西路宗翰使完颜娄室等先趋河南。11月27日（癸酉，十一月十二日）晚，金军至河外，宋宣抚副使折彦质领兵十二万与之对垒。金军整夜击打战鼓扰军，宋军到28日黎明时，未战就悉数溃奔，金军遂长驱而南下。11月29日，完颜活女渡盟津（今河南孟津），宋西京洛阳、永安军（今河南偃师东）皆投降。11月30日（十一月十五丙子日），金兵由汜水关渡河，洛口宋军望风而溃，郑州（今河南省会）降。东京开封城闭门清野，城内大乱，军民乘乱放火劫掠，城东巡检龙清等捕杀三百馀人才稍微安定。12月1日（十六日），康王赵构出城外逃。

东路完颜宗望11月20日自真定向汴京进攻；11月22日（十一月初七戊辰日），宗望至河上；宗望知滑、浚有备，乃由恩州古榆渡趋大名；12月4日宗望诸军渡河，随后攻下临河县（今河南浚县东北临河村南）、大名县（今在河北）、德清军（今河南清丰）、开德府（今河南濮阳）；于12月9日到达汴京城下。12月17日，完颜宗翰才到达汴京城下，被完颜宗望抢先一步。

第二次开封围城战

十一月二十四日（乙酉，12月9日），金军完颜宗望部至京师开封城下，城中惟卫士、上四军、中军效勇及东西路弓手七万人分四壁守御。只有张叔夜父子领三万人来救援，十一月二十八日（己丑，12月13日）至城下。闰月初一（壬辰朔，12月16日），宋出兵拒战，被完颜宗望等击败。

十一月二十九庚寅日、闰十一月初一壬辰日至初三甲午日（12月14日、16日-18日），钦宗先后被甲登城东、南、西、北四壁，以御膳赐士卒，易取士卒火饭以进食，人皆感激流涕。闰十一月初五（12月20日），完颜宗翰部攻陷拱州，驻屯青城，与完颜宗望部合围东京开封。初七，殿前副都指挥使王宗濋率牙兵千馀出城与敌对战，统制官高师旦战死。初十，金人派遣萧庆等来贷粮，并议和。十二日，张叔夜见南城飞石击中楼橹，与范琼分麾下兵袭敌营，想要烧毁炮架。遥见金军铁骑，宋军不克阵而奔，互相踩踏及溺隍死者以千数。

十五日，宋朝派遣签书枢密院事曹辅、尚书左丞冯澥等人前往金营请和，乞求停止攻城。完颜宗望要求宋朝割让河东、河北两路之地，再送不割地大臣到金营，然后讲和。十八己酉日，命康王赵构为「兵马大元帅」，使速尽领河北兵入卫。

二十三日，大风自北起，不久开始下雪，铺地数尺。金军于通津门及宣化门东立天桥数座，俯瞰城中，炮击城防。范琼派兵千人自宣化门出战，开始时士气高涨而略胜，敌军被赶回北岸，但士卒贪功渡河，冰面破裂，士卒惊乱，被敌军杀死五百馀人，从此士气更加挫折。

二十五日（闰十一月丙辰日，1127年1月9日），因宋朝宰相何、次相枢密使孙傅误信妖人郭京等能用「神兵」退敌撤去外城守军，完颜宗望、完颜宗翰与诸将趁机破城，金军由宣化门拥兵登城，守御宋军弃甲争相逃走，通津门之南亦被攻破，敌兵入城纵火，杀尽城旁居民。宋军退守内城。京城自十一月二十五日被围，是日午时陷，历时一月。

两次围城分析

和第一次开封围城战相比，第二次围城战宋朝的处境要困难得多：

• 王禀守卫的太原在被完颜娄室的五万金军围困二百五十多日后终于失守，完颜娄室的这部分军队南渡黄河，西趋洛阳，封锁了潼关，关困宋朝最精锐的西军在潼关以内，断绝了其东来勤王之路。

• 第一次围城战时，只有完颜宗望的东路军到达开封城下，兵力有限，攻城的活动限于西、北两隅，有时蔓延到东北角，南面诸门则始终未受攻击。第二次围城时，金军两路合攻，四面合围，陷东京于彻底孤立。

• 第一次围城以前，北宋朝廷在完颜宗望到达开封前夕定下了战守之策。李纲被任命为亲征行营使和御营京域四壁守御使，取得主持战守的大权。而第二次围城时，李纲已经因为姚平仲劫寨失败一事和种师道一起被褫夺军权，宋钦宗把战、守、和全权都授给宰相何。何㮚一边迷信妖人郭京的六甲神兵，一边派出枢密使冯澥到完颜宗翰军中求和，自以为双料保险，却不是守城之道。宋钦宗又临时派待罪在京的刘韐提举四壁守御，另外又以次相孙傅为守御使，事权不一，掣肘实多。孙傅和何一样，将希望寄托在妖人郭京的六甲神兵身上。

• 第一次围城时，完颜宗望的东路军全军六万人，这次增加到八万人，主要将领完颜闍母、完颜昌、刘彦宗等仍在军中，只有郭药师以燕京留守的名义，留驻燕京。西路军仍以完颜宗翰、完颜希尹、完颜娄室三大将为主副帅，完颜银术可等战将都属麾下，汉人高庆裔、时立爱为谋主。完颜娄窒、完颜希尹两人轮流至潼关外督师阻止宋朝的西军勤王。西路军的总人数，原来与东路军相等，也是六万馀人，经过长期的围攻太原，兵力不断补充，总数增加了一倍以上，这时除封锁潼关的五万人外，仍有七八万人参加第二次开封围城。计东西两路金军的兵力已超过十五万人，比第一次围城战增加了一倍半。

• 而宋朝这边，第一次围城时开封原来的禁军加上西北陆续开来的勤王军，总数达到二三十万人。解围后，这些大军没有安放到应当去的地方，一部分被遣送复员回西北，一部分参加太原解围战而遭到损失，一部分在黄河南岸溃散，还有一部分被投降派大臣唐恪、耿南仲以经济上的理由遣散。以致第二次围城时城内守军不满七万。各地勤王军早已受到唐恪、耿南仲的命令而裹足不前。只有南道总管张叔夜与两个儿子伯奋、仲熊违抗这一投降式的朝命，募兵一万三千人勤王，在颍昌府遭遇完颜宗翰部，大小十八战互有胜负，最后全军突入开封城，这是第二次围城之役中唯一的一支能够进入开封城的勤王军。

俘虏

年末，宋钦宗亲自至金人军营议和，金人趁机派萧庆入住宋朝尚书省接管宋朝政权。宋钦宗在答应称藩后被放回，随即为满足金朝要求，大量搜刮财物。1127年（靖康二年，天会五年）正月，宋钦宗再赴金营，被扣留。宋将范琼等变节，将太上皇、钦宗太子赵谌等宗室及后妃公主交给金人。在金人命令下，开封府尹徐秉哲抓捕宋朝宗室，广平郡王赵楗、济王妃曹氏等即使出逃到民间，也被抓住，曹氏被锁在柜子里。二月初六丙寅日（3月20日），金太宗诏废二帝为庶人，北宋灭亡（960年—1127年），二帝及宗室蒙尘，东京城中公私积蓄为之一空。金人还想继续搜刮汴京财物，责怪宋朝未能足额缴纳赎金，在南薰门外将宋朝户部尚书梅执礼、刑部侍郎程振、给事中安扶、户部侍郎陈知质打死枭首。三月初六，宋将吴革等图谋救驾，被范琼镇压。初七丁酉日（4月20日），金人立张邦昌大楚皇帝。三月二十七丁巳日及四月初一庚申日，金军退师，虏二帝北迁。宋徽宗和宋钦宗被金人囚禁于五国城，位于今中国黑龙江依兰县。

洗衣院（又称浣衣院）是金国为其皇族储备女人之地方，北宋相当多女眷进入洗衣院。多名宋朝王妃被分别赐给完颜家族成员为妻。「应被虏宗室女见在北人家作奴婢者，金国已降赦，官中二人换一人出，令作百姓，自在居住。应扈二帝亲属四百馀人，为迁二帝往五国，留在辽东，落后养济焉。」一些年幼的北宋帝姬被安置在洗衣院，长大成人后，再服侍金国王公贵族，有些被纳为次妃、姬妾。

《靖康稗史笺证》对俘虏事件所记很详细，书中所记因为非常耻辱，正史多无法记载，故参考价值颇高：

其中《瓮中人语》记载：靖康元年十二月，「二十四日，开宝寺火。二十五日，虏索国子监书出城。」次年正月，「二十五日，虏索玉册、车辂、冠冕一应宫廷仪物，及女童六百人、教坊乐工数百人。二十七日，虏取内侍五十人，晚间退回三十人。新宋门到曹门火。二十八日，虏索蔡京、王黻、童贯家姬四十七人出城。」金兵围攻陷汴京前后，烧杀掳掠，奸淫妇女。除金银财物之外，大量掳掠宋朝官员和百姓，其中女性尤多。金人特意索要「女童六百人」，却没索要男童。靖康元年闰十一月，「二十七日，金兵掠巨室，火明德刘皇后家、蓝从家、孟家，沿烧数千间。斡离不（完颜宗望）掠妇女七十馀人出城。」

据《南征录汇》载：靖康元年十二月初十，宋臣「吴幵、莫俦传宋主意，允以亲王、宰执、宗女各二人，衮冕、车辂及宝器二千具，民女、女乐各五百人入贡。」金军守城千户陆笃诜杀死其兄尚富皂，原因是尚富皂「踞大宅，淫及陆（笃诜）所掠女」」。靖康二年正月二十二日，「原定犒军费金一百万锭、银五百万，须于十日内轮解无阙。如不敷数，以帝姬、王妃一人准金一千锭，宗姬一人准金五百锭，族姬一人准金二百锭，宗妇一人准银五百锭，族妇一人准银二百锭，贵戚女一人准银一百锭，任听帅府选择。」「自正月二十五日，开封府津送人物络绎入寨，妇女上自嫔御，下及乐户，数逾五千，皆选择盛装而出。选收处女三千，馀汰入城，国相（完颜宗翰）自取数十人，诸将自谋克以上各赐数人，谋克以下间赐一二人。」次月五日夜，完颜宗翰宴请手下将领，令宫嫔换装侍酒，不从者即处死，当时有郑氏、徐氏、吕氏抗命不从，被斩杀，又将一女以箭镞贯穿喉咙杀死，又有「烈女张氏、曹氏抗二太子（完颜宗望）意，刺以铁竿，肆帐前，流血三日。初七日，王妃、帝姬入寨，太子指以为鉴，人人乞命。」

《开封府状》载：「选纳妃嫔八十三人，王妃二十四人，帝姬、公主二十二人，人准金一千锭，得金一十三万四千锭，内帝妃五人倍益。嫔御九十八人，王妾二十八人，宗姬五十二人，御女七十八人，近支宗姬一百九十五人，人准金五百锭，得金二十二万五千五百锭。族姬一千二百四十一人，人准金二百锭，得金二十四万八千二百锭。宫女四百七十九人，采女六百单四人，宗妇二千单九十一人，人准银五百锭，得银一百五十八万七千锭。族妇二千单七人，歌女一千三百十四人，人准银二百锭，得银六十六万四千二百锭。贵戚、官民女三千三百十九人，人准银一百锭，得银三十三万一千九百锭。都准金六十万单七千七百锭，银二百五十八万三千一百锭。」被抵押折价的各类女子统计竟有11,635人。

《靖康稗史笺证》引《金图经》载：「燕人闻宋俘至（燕山府，今北京市），喧嚷已匝月。及是，大王眷属，下逮戚族男女咸集，如睹异宝，且与后妃等行抱见礼申敬。汉妇不习，惶窘万状。」《呻吟语》载：「被掠者日以泪洗面，虏酋皆拥妇女，恣酒肉，弄管弦，喜乐无极。」

后续

靖康之变后，宋朝仍控制关中。

靖康二年（1127年）五月初一庚寅朔日，兵马大元帅康王赵构即皇帝位于南京应天府（今商丘），是为宋高宗，即年改元建炎。

1128年金国完颜兀术攻宋，宋高宗南下，一度出海避难。1129年，金攻宋陕州。

1131年，战于和尚原。

1138年，天眷和议以黄河为界。

1141年，宋金签订「绍兴和议」，以秦岭淮河线为边界。

影响

靖康之祸导致北宋灭亡，深深刺痛宋人内心，岳飞在《满江红》写怀：「靖康耻，犹未雪；臣子恨，何时灭？」押解至东北的宋朝皇室上千。后来后金时满洲族第一大姓「伊尔根觉罗」据《皇朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》记载又作「宜尔根觉罗」、「民觉罗」或「伊尔根」，满语「民」的意思。其汉姓为「赵」（也有「佟」、「顾」、「伊」、「萨」、「公」、「兆」、「曹」、「包」、「哲」、「席」等）。《黑龙江志稿·氏族》载：「觉罗者，传为宋徽、钦之后。」

在杭州建立南宋的宋高宗，巩固权力之后，却放弃收复失地，向金朝称臣，以维持半壁江山的统治，最后宋金百馀年维持南北分治的局面。

因靖康之变导致宋太宗一系的赵宋皇室被掳，加上宋高宗无子，导致宋高宗需要从宋太祖一系的子孙中选择继承人，使宋朝帝系继承从宋太宗一系回到宋太祖一系。

明朝的皇帝、士大夫及武将鉴于宋朝以和割地止战的教训，皆耻于议和，早期直接攻击蒙古诸郊及北伐，土木之变的北京保卫战后修建明长城加强北方边防，防范北方蒙古等部族的威胁。因此，即使到明亡前，崇祯帝以与满人和谈为耻。对于和议之事，始终左右为难，亦未有迁都南京的打算。卢象升即告诉皇帝说：「陛下命臣督师，臣只知战斗而已！」崇祯帝称根本就没有议和之事，卢象升最后战死沙场。明朝在和战两难之间，仍最终走入灭亡之途。

文化

在金庸武侠小说《射雕英雄传》开始，全真教道长丘处机替郭啸天和杨铁心的孩子分别取名为郭靖和杨康，让二人后代不要忘记「靖康之耻」。

光荣游戏水浒传·天命之誓若没在1127年金兵入侵大宋之前，得到圣旨打败奸臣高俅，游戏就会彻底失败告终。。

注释